Method of Calculation 
   PFD Allowance - Personal, Fatigue and Delay Allowance formula  ( the standard time )
The Standard Time = ( Observed Time ) ( Rating Factor ) + ( Observed Time ) ( Rating Factor)                                    
                                 ( PFD Allowance )
                                 *boleh dimasukkan dalam proses Flow

Process Control Plan ( PCP ) 
Pelan kawalan proses memberikan "keterangan ringkasan" didokumentasikan
kaedah yang digunakan untuk meminimumkan proses
dan produk variasi. Ini menyediakan pendekatan berstruktur untuk
design, pemilihan dan pelaksanaan nilai tambah
kaedah kawalan. Hal ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menggantikan terperinci
maklumat yang terkandung dalam arahan kerja pembekal

Planning For Mass Production

  - Nak keluarkan beribu2 barang yang terdiri daripada beberapa ratus orang pekerja.

Continuous Production 

  - dibuat sekiranya permintaan keatas sesuatu produk tinggi.

    ( dibuat secara shift..cth 8pg-8mlm )

Single Item Production

  - orang yang betul2 expert dlm keja 2..kalu xder dia keja x jalan.

Batch Production

  - not a single people to setup the product. 

Benefit

* Promote understanding of a process 

* Identities problem areas and opportunities

* Provides a way

                  Symbol use in Flowchart (standard Flow ) 

   

WI

WORK INSTRUCTION (WI)

Written instructions or procedures can prevent many problems:

                   “I thought you said……..”

                   “I did not know where that was kept”

                   “No one told me that I had to do it that way”

Sound familiar??

The Benefits:

• Effective communication- if the boss is away, staff simply refer to the WI or SOP for instruction
• Provides clear and easy to understand instructions.
• Useful when training new or temporary staff
• Reduces the possibility of mistakes being made
• Information in writing is less likely to be forgotten or misunderstood.

Procedures or Work Instructions

What is a Procedure?

A procedure is a written instruction that describes what has to be done, by whom, when, how and where. 

Why use procedures?

 -what people think is being done

 -what actually being done, most of the time

 -shot cut on 

 -what should be done

Step to follow

-Write down in simple steps

-review the steps

-Number each steps 

Work Instruction Breakdown

*page number

*date 

*author

*procedure description

*who is responsible for the procedure

*where

*when

*reference document

*actual step (langkah2 yg perlu diambil)